filosofia estóica Secrets
To simplify quite a bit (but see Bobzien 2003 for a somewhat in-depth treatment), Stoic syllogistics was built on five basic types of syllogisms, and complemented by four rules for arguments that could be deployed to reduce all other types of syllogisms to one of the basic five.
Modern philosophies continued the basic trend in Stoicism in making the subjective consciousness the foundation of philosophy.
By doing this exercise, Seneca was always prepared for disruption and always working that disruption into his plans. He was fitted for defeat or victory.
The Stoics accepted that suicide was permissible for the wise person in circumstances that might prevent them from living a virtuous life.[29] Plutarch held that accepting life under tyranny would have compromised Cato's self-consistency (constantia) as a Stoic and impaired his freedom to make the honorable moral choices.
When most people think of “philosophy,†their eyes glaze over. It’s the last thing they want, let alone something they need.
How to be steadfast, and strong, and in control of yourself. And finally, that the source of our dissatisfaction lies in our impulsive dependency on our reflexive senses rather than logic.
Chrysippus further elaborated this idea of pluralism within an underlying unity, making the virtues essentially inseparable, so that, say, one cannot be courageous and yet intemperate—in the Stoic sense of those words.
Seamus Mac Suibhne has described the practices of spiritual exercises as influencing those of reflective practice.[35] Many parallels between Stoic spiritual exercises and modern cognitive behavioral therapy have been identified.[36]
The Stoics related these propensities directly to the four cardinal virtues of artigo temperance, courage, justice and practical wisdom. Temperance and courage are required to pursue our goals, justice is a conterraneo extension of our concern for an ever-increasing circle of people, and practical wisdom (
†And he sees his invective as justified—in sure Stoic fashion—not on theoretical grounds, but on practical ones: “[35] We could give adulterers grounds for rationalizing their behavior; such arguments could provide pretexts to misappropriate state funds; a rebellious young man could be emboldened further to rebel against his parents. So what, according to you, is good or bad, virtuous or vicious—this or that?â€
Clearly it is not a long step from this to the 'Holy Spirit' of Christian theology, the 'Lord and Giver of life', visibly manifested as tongues of fire at Pentecost and ever since associated—in the Christian as in the Stoic mind—with the ideas of vital fire and beneficient warmth.[43]
It had three principal leaders. Marcus Aurelius, the emperor of the Roman Empire, the most powerful man on earth, sat down each day to write himself notes about restraint, compassion and humility.
The solution to evil and unhappiness then is the practice of Stoic philosophy: to examine one's own judgments and behavior and determine where they diverge from the universal reason of nature.
In one form or another, each of them did it. It would be Epictetus who would admonish his students that philosophy was something they should “write down day by day,†that this writing was how they “should exercise themselves.†Seneca’s favorite time to journal was in the evenings. When darkness had fallen and his wife had gone asleep, he explained to a friend, “I examine my entire day and go back over what I’ve done and said, hiding nothing from myself, passing nothing by.
Para conhecer mais sobre Resumo de Livros